2023年高考预测卷02（全国甲卷）-地理（全解全析）.docx2023年高考预测卷03（全国乙卷）-地理（全解全析）.docx2023年高考预测卷02（全国甲卷）-地理（考试版）A4.docx2023年高考预测卷03（全国乙卷）-地理（考试版）A4.docx

高考数学十年真题2013-2022.pdf高考数学十年真题2013-2022答案及解析.pdf

1、冲量求恒力和变力冲量的方法。恒力F的冲量直接根据I=Ft求，而变力的冲量一般要由动量定理或F-t图线与横轴所夹的面积来求。2、动量：动量及动量变化的求解方法。求动量的变化要用平行四边形定则或动量定理。3、动量定理：应用动量定理解题的思路和一般步骤为：10明确研究对象和物理过程；20分析研究对象在运动过程中的受力情况；30选取正方向，确定物体在运动过程中始末两状态的动量；40依据动量定理列方程、求解。小结：三问法应用动量定理一问能否用（涉及力、时间和速度变化的问题，不涉及加速度与位移）二问研究对象与过程；三问动量的变化与合冲量//动量定理的题型解析//①定性解释有关现象②简解多过程问题。③求解平均力问题 注意：动量定理既适用于恒力作用下的问题，也适用于变力作用下的问题．如果是在变力作用下的问题，由动量定理求出的力是在t时间内的平均值．④求解流体问题 注意：处理有关流体(如水、空气、高压燃气等)撞击物体表面产生冲力（或压强）的问题，可以说非动量定理莫属．解决这类问题的关键是选好研究对象，一般情况下选在极短时间△t内射到物体表面上的流体为研究对象⑤对系统应用动量定理。系统的动量定理就是系统所受合外力的冲量等于系统总动量的变化。若将系统受到的每一个外力、系统内每一个物体的速度均沿正交坐标系x轴和y轴分解，则系统的动量定理的数学表达式如下：对于不需求解系统内部各物体间相互作用力的问题，采用系统的动量定理求解将会使求解简单、过程明确。//动量守恒定律的理解与应用//（一）动量守恒定律成立条件的理解。理解(1)：系统不受外力或虽受外力但合外力为零，该系统的动量守恒。理解(2)：系统所受外力的合力不为零，但在某个方向上的分量为零，则在该方向上系统的总动量守恒。理解(3)：系统所受外力的合力不为零，但合外力远小于物体间的相互作用力，此种情况也可认为系统动量守恒。（二）动量守恒定律的四性（1）系统性：研究对象是相互作用的物体组成的系统，守恒的条件是系统不受外力或所受外力的合力为零。系统“总动量保持不变”，不是仅指系统的初、末两个时刻的总动量相等，而是指系统在整个过程中任意两个时刻的总动量都相等，但不能认为系统内的每一个物体的动量都保持不变。（2）矢量性：动量守恒定律是一个矢量式，当系统内各物体相互作用前后的速度在同一直线上，应用动量守恒时，要先规定好正方向，将矢量运算简化为带正、负号的代数运算。（3）相对性与同时性：在动量守恒定律中，物体的速度必须相对于同一惯性参照系。若在题设条件中各物体的速度不是相对同一惯性系时，必须作适当的变换，使其成为对同一惯性系的速度后才能代入公式运算。在变换相对速度时要注意速度变化的同时性。（4）瞬时性：所谓瞬时性，就是指在应用动量守恒定律时要注意：系统的总动量指系统内各物体在相互作用前同一时刻的动量的矢量和，作用后也应是指系统内各物体在同一时刻的动量的矢量和。（三）动量守恒定律的题型分析1、能根据动量守恒条件判定系统的动量是否守恒？2、能根据动量守恒定律求解“合二为一”和“一分为二”问题。“合二为一”问题：两个速度不同的物体，经过相互作用，最后达到共同速度。“一分为二”问题：两个物体以共同的初速度运动，由于相互作用而分开各自以不同的速度运动。3、会用动量守恒定律解“人船模型”问题两个物体均处于静止，当两个物体存在相互作用而不受外力作用时，系统动量守恒。这类问题的特点：两物体同时运动，同时停止。4、会分析求解“三体作用过程”问题所谓“三体二次作用”问题是指系统由三个物体组成，但这三个物体间存在二次不同的相互作用过程。解答这类问题必须弄清这二次相互作用过程的特点，有哪几个物体参加？是短暂作用过程还是持续作用过程？各个过程遵守什么规律？弄清上述问题，就可以对不同的物理过程选择恰当的规律进行列式求解。5、会分析求解“二体作用过程”问题所谓“二体三次作用”问题是指系统由两个物体组成，但这两个物体存在三次不同的相互作用过程。求解这类问题的关键是正确划分三个不同的物理过程，并能弄清这些过程的特点，针对相应的过程应用相应的规律列方程解题。6、碰撞、爆炸与反冲碰撞问题：（1）碰撞是指相对运动的物体相遇时，在极短时间内它们的运动状态发生了显著变化的过程。（2）碰撞是物体之间突然发生的现象，由于作用时间极短，相互作用力远远大于外力，因此碰撞时，系统的动量守恒。（3）两物体相碰通常有以下三种情况①两物体碰撞后合为一个整体，以某一共同速度运动，称为完全非弹性碰撞。此类碰撞中动能损失最多，即动能转化为其他形式能的值最多。②两物体碰撞后，动能无损失，称为完全弹性碰撞。当两相等质量的物体发生弹性碰撞时，则发生速度交换，这是一个很有用的结论。③两物体碰撞后虽分开，但动能有损失，称为非完全弹性碰撞。7、判断碰撞结果的三大原则①动量守恒即P1+P2=P1‘+P2‘②动能不增加，即EK1+EK2≥EK1‘+EK2‘或③速度要符合的情景：如果碰前两物体同向运动，则后面的物体速度必大于前面物体的速度，否则无法实现碰撞。碰撞后，原来在前的物体的速度一定增大，且原来在前的物体速度大于或等于原来在后的物体的速度，否则碰撞没有结束。如果碰前两物体是相向运动，则碰后，两物体的运动方向不可能都不改变，除非两物体碰撞后速度均为零。8、爆炸问题：（1）爆炸的物体，爆炸后分裂成几个物体，在爆炸的一瞬间，产生的内力一般远远大于外力，因此在爆炸前后瞬时，系统的总动量守恒，可以应用动量守恒定律解题。（2）在碰撞和爆炸这类问题中，相互作用力是变力，且力的变化规律非常复杂，无法用牛顿运动定律求解，但用动量守恒定律求解时，只需考虑过程的始末状态，而不需考虑过程的具体细节，这正是用动量守恒定律来求解问题的优点。9、反冲运动（1）一个系统，当其中一个物体（或系统中的一部分）向某一方向运动时，系统的另一物体（或系统中的另一部分）同时向反方向运动的现象称作反冲运动。（2）系统内物体间强大的作用力与反作用力的冲量是造成反冲运动的根本原因，如发射炮弹时炮身的后退，火箭因急速向下喷气而被发射升空等。（3）在反冲运动中，若系统不受外力或外力远小于系统内物体间相互作用力时，可用动量守恒定律分析求解。10、会用动量守恒定律和能量守恒解“相对滑动类”问题解决动力学问题，一般有三种途径：（1）牛顿第二定律和运动学公式(力的观点)；（2）动量定理和动量守恒定律(动量观点)；（3）动能定理、机械能守恒定律、功能关系、能的转化和守恒定律(能量观点)。以上这三种观点俗称求解力学问题的三把“金钥匙”.如何合理选取三把“金钥匙”解决动力学问题，是老师很难教会的。但可以通过分别用三把“金钥匙”对一道题进行求解，通过比较就会知道如何选取三把“金钥匙” 解决动力学问题,从而提高分析问题解决问题的能力。11、会根据图象分析推理解答相关问题12、会利用数学方法求解物理问题。物理学中常用的归纳法为不完全归纳法，是解决复杂问题的有效方法，往往和其他数学知识如数列、极限等结合。

高考常考的18个文言文虚词为： 而、何、乎、乃、其、且、若、所、为、焉、以、因、于、与、也、则、者、之。文言虚词包括代词、副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词。1.而解释句中“而”字的意义和用法。1．图穷而匕见________《荆轲刺秦王》2．宗受而藏之于庙________《伶官传序》3．温故而知新________《论语》4．入于太庙，还矢先王，而告以成功________《伶官传序》5．此所以学者不可以不深思而慎取之也________《游褒禅山记》6．赵尝五战于秦，二败而三胜________《六国论》7．惜其用武而不终也________《六国论》8．至于幽暗昏惑而无物以相之________《游褒禅山记》9．君子博学而日参省乎己________《劝学》10．有志与力，而又不随以怠________《游褒禅山记》11．邹忌修八尺有余，而形貌昳丽________《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》12．河曲智叟笑而止之曰________《愚公移山》13．盛以锦囊，负而前驱________《伶官传序》14．余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也________《游褒禅山记》答案：1～2连词，表承接“来”“就”。3～6连词，表并列“和”“并且”。7～8连词，表转折“却”。9～11连词，表递进“而且”。12～13连接状语和动词，表修饰。14.连词，表因果“因而”。2.何解释句中“何”字的意义和用法。1．何者？严大国之威以修敬也　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》2．予尝求古仁人之心，或异二者之为，何哉　________《岳阳楼记》3．豫州今欲何至　________《赤壁之战》4．然则何时而乐耶　________《岳阳楼记》5．何不按兵束甲，北面而事之　________《赤壁之战》6．徐公何能及君也　________《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》7．至于誓天断发，泣下沾襟，何其衰也　________《伶官传序》8．吏呼一何怒，妇啼一何苦　________《石壕吏》9．今日之事何如　________《鸿门宴》10．其辱人贱行，视五人之死，轻重固何如哉　________《五人墓碑记》11．何以战　________《曹刿论战》12．吾王庶几无疾病与，何以能鼓乐也　________《庄暴见孟子》13．沛公大惊，曰：“为之奈何？”　________《鸿门宴》14．奈何取之尽锱铢，用之如泥沙　________《阿房宫赋》答案：1～2疑问代词。单独作谓语，问原因，后面带有语气助词“哉”“也”。译作“为什么”“什么原因”。3.作前置的宾语，问处所或事物，译作“哪里”“什么”，译时“何”要后置。4.作定语。译作“什么”“哪”。5～6作状语，常表示反问。译作“为什么”“怎么”。7～8副词：表程度，常用在形容词前。译作“怎么”“多么”“怎么这样”。9～10构成复音虚词。“何如”即“如何”，常用于疑问句中，表疑问。译作“怎么样”“什么样”。11～12疑问代词。“何以”即“以何”，常用于疑问句中作状语。译作“拿什么”“凭什么”。13～14复音虚词。“奈何”，常用于疑问句中作谓语或状语。译作“怎么办”“为什么”。3.乎解释句中“乎”字的意义和用法。1．王侯将相宁有种乎　________《陈涉世家》2．儿寒乎？欲食乎　________《项脊轩志》3．王之好乐甚，则齐其庶几乎　________《庄暴见孟子》4．呜呼！孰知赋敛之毒有甚是蛇者乎　________《捕蛇者说》5．宁赴常流而葬乎江鱼腹中耳　________《屈原列传》6．生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾，吾从而师之　_____《师说》7．故今之墓中全乎为五人也　________《五人墓碑记》8．恢恢乎，其于游刃有余地矣　________《庖丁解牛》答案：1～2助词，表疑问和反问，可译为“吗”“呢”。3.助词，表测度，可译为“吧”。4.助词表感叹，可译为“啊”“呀”。5～6介词，相当于“于”。7～8形容词词尾。4.乃解释句中“乃”字的意义和用法。1．刿曰：“肉食者鄙，未能远谋。”乃入见　________《曹刿论战》2．而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之　________《石钟山记》3．问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋　________《桃花源记》4．项王乃复引兵而东，至东城，乃有二十八骑　________《项羽本纪》5．臣乃敢上璧　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》6．若事之不济，此乃天也　________《赤壁之战》7．当立者乃公子扶苏　________《陈涉世家》8．王师北定中原日，家祭无忘告乃翁　________《示儿》9．与尔三矢，尔其无忘乃父之志　________《伶官传序》答案：1.表示顺承，可译为“就”“于是”等。2～3副词，可译为“却”“竟(然)”“反而”“才”等。4～5表示对事物范围的一种限制，可译为“才”“仅”等。6～7用在判断句中，起确认作用，可译为“是”“就是”等。8～9只作第二人称，常作定语，译为“你的”；也作主语，译为“你”。不能作宾语。5.其解释句中“其”字的意义和用法。1．较秦之所得，与战胜而得者，其实百倍　________《六国论》2．燕赵之君，始有远略，能守其土，义不赂秦　________《六国论》3．向使三国各爱其地　________《六国论》4．洎牧以谗诛，邯郸为郡，惜其用武而不终也　________《六国论》5．独其为文犹可识　________《游褒禅山记》6．余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也　________《游褒禅山记》7．有蒋氏者，专其利三世矣　________《捕蛇者说》8．以故其后名之曰“褒禅”　________《游褒禅山记》9．距其院东五里　________《游褒禅山记》10．(问其深，)则其好游者不能穷也　________《游褒禅山记》11．其信然邪？其梦邪？其传之非其真邪　________(解释加点“其”)《祭十二郎文》12．其皆出于此乎　________《师说》13．尔其无忘乃父之志　________《伶官传序》14．竟以此而陨其生乎　________《祭十二郎文》15．尽吾志也而不能至者……其孰能讥之乎　________《游褒禅山记》答案：1～3第三人称的领属关系“他的”“他们的”“它的”。4～5第三人称代词“他们”“它”。6.第一人称代词“我”。7～10指示代词“那”“那些”。11.前两个表示选择关系，“是……，还是……”，后一个表示推测语气“恐怕、大概”。12.表示推测、估计语气“恐怕、大概”。13.表示祈使语气“应当”。14.代词，他的。15.表示反问语气“难道、哪里”。6.且解释句中“且”字的意义和用法。1．且燕赵处秦革灭殆尽之际　________《六国论》2．又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者　________《石钟山记》3．河汉清且浅，相去复几许　________《古诗十九首》4．臣死且不避，卮酒安足辞　________《鸿门宴》5．古之圣人，犹且从师而问焉　________《师说》6．不出，火且尽　________《游褒禅山记》7．存者且偷生，死者长已矣　________《石壕吏》8．卿但暂还家，吾今且报府　________《孔雀东南飞》答案：1.况且，表补充说明。2～3表并列。4.尚且，表让步。5.复音虚词“犹且”，还。6.将要。7.已经。8.暂且。7.若解释句中“若”字的意义和用法。1．海内存知己，天涯若比邻　________《送杜少府之任蜀州》2．彼与彼年相若也，道相似也　________《师说》3．曾不若孀妻弱子　________《愚公移山》4．以为莫己若者　________《庄子秋水》5．更若役，复若赋，则何如　________《捕蛇者说》6．若毒之乎　________《捕蛇者说》7．若属皆且为所虏　________《鸿门宴》8．若使烛之武见秦君　________《烛之武退秦师》9．若舍郑以为东道主　________《烛之武退秦师》10．若不阙秦，将焉取之　________《烛之武退秦师》答案：1～2如同、像、相似。3～4比得上。5～7你、你的。8～10表假设，假如，如果。8.所解释句中“所”字的意义和用法1．乐土乐土，爰得我所　________《诗经》2．某所，而母立于兹　________《项脊轩志》3．盖余所至，比好游者尚不能十一　________《游褒禅山记》4．臣所过屠者朱亥，此子贤者　________《信陵君窃符救赵》5．为国者无使为积威之所劫哉　________《六国论》6．嬴闻如姬父为人所杀　________《信陵君窃符救赵》7．亲贤臣远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也　________《出师表》8．所以遣将守关者　________《鸿门宴》9．所以游目骋怀　________《兰亭集序》10．师者，所以传道受业解惑也　________《师说》答案：1～2名词，场所、位置。3.“所”加动词，构成名词性词组。4.“所”字结构做定语。5～6“为……所”表被动。7～8复音虚词“所以”，表原因，……的原因。9～10所以，表示手段或凭借。9.为解释各句中“为”的意义以及用法1．君家妇难为　________《孔雀东南飞》2．谁为大王为此计者　________《鸿门宴》3．为国者无使为积威之所劫哉　________《六国论》4．古人以俭为美德　________《训俭示康》5．霓为衣兮风为马　________《梦游天姥吟留别》6．君既为府吏　________《孔雀东南飞》7．十七为君妇　________《孔雀东南飞》8．自名为鸳鸯　________《孔雀东南飞》9．北冥有鱼，其名为鲲　________《逍遥游》10．非为织作迟　________《孔雀东南飞》11．为仲卿母所遣　________《孔雀东南飞》12．而身死国灭，为天下笑　________《伶官传序》13．何故怀瑾握瑜，而自令见放为　________《屈原列传》14．公为我献之　________《鸿门宴》15．阿母为汝求　________《孔雀东南飞》答案：1.动词，做、干。2.第一个介词，替、给；第二个动词，献。3.第一个动词，治理，第二个，被。4～5动词，当做、作为。6～7动词，身为、成为。8～9动词，叫做。10.动词，是。11～12介词，表被动。13.语气助词，呢。14～15介词，替、给。10.焉解释各句中“焉”的意义以及用法1．于是余有叹焉　________《游褒禅山记》2．寒暑易节，始一反焉　________《愚公移山》3．盘盘焉，囷囷焉　________《阿房宫赋》4．或师焉，或否焉，小学而大遗　________《师说》5．少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间　________《赤壁赋》6．而人之所罕至焉　________《游褒禅山记》7．且焉置土石　________《愚公移山》8．永之人争奔走焉　________《捕蛇者说》答案：1～2句末语气词，一般可不译。3.语气助词，形容词、副词词尾，“……的样子”。4～5句中语气词，表示停顿，相当于“也”。6.代词，相当于“之”。7.疑问代词，“哪里”“什么”“怎么”。8.兼词，相当于“于之”“于此”。11.也解释各句中“也”的意义以及用法1．城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也　________《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》2．张良曰：“沛公之参乘樊哙者也。”　________《鸿门宴》3．雷霆乍惊，宫车过也　________《阿房宫赋》4．呜呼！灭六国者六国也，非秦也　________《六国论》5．至于誓天断发，泣下沾襟，何其衰也　________《伶官传序》6．公子畏死邪？何泣也　________《信陵君窃符救赵》7．吾王庶几无疾病与，何以能鼓乐也　________《庄暴见孟子》8．使秦复爱六国之人，则……谁得而族灭也　________《六国论》9．攻之不克，围之不继，吾其还也　________《烛之武退秦师》10．吾王之好田猎，夫何使我至于此极也　________《庄暴见孟子》11．君美甚，徐公何能及君也　________《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》12．其闻道也亦先乎吾　________《师说》13．师道之不传也久矣　________《师说》答案：1～2句末语气词，表示判断。3.句末语气词，表示陈述或解释语气。4～5用在句中或句末，表示肯定、感叹的语气。6～8用在句末，表示疑问或反诘语气。9.用在句末，表示祈使语气。10～11表示感叹语气。12～13用在句中，表示语气停顿，以舒缓语气。12.以解释各句中“以”的意义以及用法1．至丹以荆卿为计，始速祸焉　________《六国论》2．忠不必用矣，贤不必以　________《涉江》3．无以，则王乎　________《齐桓晋文之事》4．不以物喜，不以己悲　________《岳阳楼记》5．不赂者以赂者丧　________《六国论》6．以其乃华山之阳名之也　________《登泰山记》7．余以乾隆三十九年十二月，自京师乘风雪　________《登泰山记》8．愿以十五城请易璧　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》9．请其矢，盛以锦囊　________《伶官传序》10．方其系燕父子以组　________《伶官传序》11．夫夷以近，则游者众；险以远，则至者少　________《游褒禅山记》12．以其求思之深而无不在也　________《游褒禅山记》13．又以悲夫古书之不存　________《游褒禅山记》答案：1.介词，用。2.动词“使用”。3.动词通“已”，“停止”。4～6介词“因为”“由于”。7.介词“在，从”。8～10介词“拿，用，把，凭”。11.连词，表并列。12～13连词，表因果。13.因解释句中“因”字的意义和用法1．又因厚币用事者臣靳尚　________《屈原列传》2．因利乘便，宰割天下，分裂山河　________《过秦论》3．不如因而厚遇之　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》4．因击沛公于坐　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》5．因宾客至蔺相如门谢罪　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》6．相如因持璧却立　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》7．于今无会因　________《孔雀东南飞》8．蒙故业，因遗策　________《鸿门宴》答案：1～2依靠、凭借。3～4趁着，趁此。5.通过，经由。6.于是，就；因而。7.原因，缘由，机缘。8.沿袭，继续。14.于解释句中“于”字的意义和用法1．乃设九宾礼于廷　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》2．青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝(前一个“于”)　________《劝学》3．于人为可讥，而在己为有悔　________《游褒禅山记》4．君幸于赵王　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》5．故内惑于郑袖，外欺于张仪　________《屈原列传》6．身长八尺，每自比于管仲、乐毅　________《隆中对》7．燕王欲结于君　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》8．孔子曰：“苛政猛于虎也。”　________《捕蛇者说》9．青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝(后一个“于”)　________《劝学》答案：1～2在，从，到。3.在……方面。4～5被。6～7与，跟，同。8～9比。15.与解释句中“与”字的意义和用法1．渔父见而问之曰：子非三闾大夫与？　________《屈原列传》2．与尔三矢　________《伶官传序》3．往借，不与，归而形诸梦　________《送东阳马生序》4．与嬴而不助五国也　________《六国论》5．夫子喟然叹曰：“吾与点也。”　________《论语》6．当与秦相较　________《六国论》7．遂与之俱出　________《游褒禅山记》8．与战胜而得者　________《六国论》9．与其所以失之者，可以知之矣　________《伶官传序》10．备他盗之出入与非常也　________《鸿门宴》答案：1.表疑问。2～3动词，给予。4.动词，亲近。5.动词，赞同。6～8介词，同、跟。9～10连词，和、与。16.则解释句中“则”字的意义和用法1．此则岳阳楼之大观也　________《岳阳楼记》2．此则寡人之罪也　________《勾践灭吴》3．学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆　________《论语》4．故木受绳则直，金就砺则利　________《劝学》5．然则诸侯之地有限　________《六国论》6．入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡　______________《孟子》7．位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀　________《师说》8．于其身也，则耻师焉　________《师说》答案：1～2副词，就是、乃。3～5连词，就、那么，表承接。6.连词，假使、如果，表假设。7.连词，就，表因果。8.连词，表转折，却。17.者解释句中“者”字的意义和用法1．而记游者甚众　________《游褒禅山记》2．较秦之所得，与战胜而得者，其实百倍　________《六国论》3．此三者，吾遗恨也　________《伶官传序》4．今者项庄拔剑舞，其意常在沛公也　________《鸿门宴》5．陈涉者，阳城人也　________《陈涉世家》6．今所谓慧空禅院者，褒之庐冢也　________《游褒禅山记》7．臣所以去亲戚而事君者，徒慕君之高义也　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》8．客之美我者，欲有求于我也　________《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》9．马之千里者，一食或尽粟一石　________《马说》答案：1～2代指人、物、事、时间、地点，可译作“……的、……的人、……的事情”等。3.用在数词之后，“个、样”。4.用在“今、昔”等时间用语后，“……的时候”。5～6放在主语之后，表判断。7～8主语之后，引出原因。9.定语后置的标志。18.之解释句中“之”字的意义和用法1．项伯乃夜驰之沛公军　________《鸿门宴》2．辍耕之陇上　________《陈涉世家》3．奉之弥繁，侵之愈急　________《六国论》4．子孙视之不甚惜　________《六国论》5．人非生而知之者，孰能无惑　________《师说》6．均之二策，宁许以负秦曲　________《廉颇蔺相如列传》7．而从六国破亡之故事　________《六国论》8．余之力尚足以入　________《游褒禅山记》9．以其求思之深而无不在也　________《游褒禅山记》10．师道之不传也久矣　________《师说》答案：1～2动词“到……去”。3～5第三人称代词“他”“它”“他们”“它们”。6.指示代词“这”。7～8用在定语和中心语中间，“的”。9.用在中心语和补语中间。10用在主谓之间，取消句子独立性。

  高中英语各种应用文写作佳句  一、邀请信1.(On behalf of ...,) I’d like to invite you to ...（邀请信开头）2.If it is convenient for you, please...3.I wonder if you could...4.You can take the No.*** bus at the ...(地点) and get off at...(地点), where I will pick you up.5.I invite you because ...Therefore, I hope that ...6.I sincerely hope you can come.Looking forward to your early reply.(邀请信收尾)7.I guess this is a pretty good opportunity for us.Looking forward to your early reply.(邀请信收尾)8.I’ve heard that...would you please ...（邀请信开头）9.I guess this is a pretty good opportunity for us.Looking forward to your early reply.(邀请信收尾)10.It is a great privilege/honor for me to invite you to participate in...(活动) to be held in ...(地点)on ...(日期)11.I would feel much honored if you could come.(收尾)12.if you are interested in it, please let me know and I will send you more information（收尾）二、申请信1.Having learned that..., I would like to apply for ...(开头)2.On seeing the information, ...(开头)3.Knowing that..., I am writing to apply ...(开头)4.I have a good command of ...  have a gift for...5.I’m confident that I can be helpful in your work and life.6.If given the chance, I will ...(收尾)7.I hope you can take my application into consideration.Thank you in advance.(收尾)8.Not only am I able to help others but also I can accumulate social experience.9.If accepted, I ...10.I am firmly convinced that (by doing this), ...11.It would be appreciated if you could take my application into account/consideration, looking forward to your earliest/earnest reply.(收尾)12.I would be grateful if you could give me a chance.(收尾)三、建议信1.Knowing/Learning that ..., I’d like to give you some suggestions.(开头)2.I am writing to give you some suggestions /offer you some advice (on...).(开头)3.I am writing to express my views concerning...(开头)4.I am delighted to offer you some tips.(开头)5.You have asked for my advice about...and I will try to make some useful suggestions here.(开头)6.To begin with,...What’s more, ...Last but not the least, ...7.First of all, ...Secondly, ...Additionally, ...8.Apart from that, ...         meanwhile,...9.Hope these suggestions above will help you get started.Good luck in the competition!(收尾)10.I hope you can take my advice into account/ consideration seriously.(收尾)11.I hope you will find these proposals/suggestions practical/ useful/ helpful.(收尾)12.I will be more than happy to see your improvements in this regard.(收尾)四、感谢信1.I’m writing to extend my sincere gratitude to you (for your assistance and guidance). (开头)2.I’d like to express my thanks for...(开头)3.With your encouragement, I became more confident and ...4.Without your help/support, 某人 couldn’t have done ...5.It was because of your help that...6.With your encouragement, ...7.What moves me most is that...8.Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept my gratitude (and the little gift.) (收尾)9.My true gratitude is beyond the word’s description./ Words fail to express my gratitude deep in my heart.(收尾)10.I wish you all the best in the future and have a good journey.(收尾)11.I sincerely invite you to visit China one day.五、道歉信1.I am writing to express my heartfelt apology to you for ...（开头）2.I’m writing to ask for a three-day/其他时间 leave.(请假)3.I am sorry to say that I can’t ...（开头）4.I am terribly / awfully sorry I couldn’t ...（开头）5.I feel it a great pity to ...（开头）6.I have no choice but to break my promise.7.Owing to...8.shall we put it off till...9.if it is convenient for you, ... If not, ...10.I sincerely hope you will understand my choice and accept my apology.（收尾）11.Your kind permission will be greatly appreciated.(请假收尾)12.Once again, I am sorry for my inconvenience caused.（收尾）六、求助信1.I’m writing to ask you for advice, hoping that you can do me a favor.(开头)2.As you know, ...   As for me, ...3.Would you please be so kind as to ...(请求帮忙)4.I’m writing the letter to you to ask you to do me a favor.(开头)5.I have some difficulty in ...which bothers me a lot.So I have no choice but to turn to you for help.6.But unfortunately, I encounter some difficulty in ...7.What bothers me is that ...8.So difficult is the situation that I don’t know how to face it.9.I believe I will benefit a lot from your valuable and timely advice.(收尾)10.I will appreciate it if you can offer me a hand.(收尾)11.I'd appreciate it if you ‘d like to offer me a helping hand.Looking forward to your reply.(收尾)12.Looking forward to your reply.And I would be really thankful.(收尾)七、推荐信1.I am glad to hear that...I’d like to express my warmest welcome to you and I am sure you will have the most unforgettable experience during ...(开头)2.Learning/knowing that..., I suggest ...(开头)3.I am both honoured and pleased to recommend...(开头)4.It is with great pleasure that I take this opportunity to give ...a recommendation.5.I am glad to hear that...And I am writing to give you some advice(开头)6.Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture, ...7.As for preparation,...8.If you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.(收尾)9.Looking forward to your arrival!八、普通电子邮件1.Thank you for your letter.(开头)2.I am sorry to hear that ...(表达同情)3.I am very glad to tell you something about ...(开头)4.I am delighted to know you are interested in ...Now, I am writing to tell you ...（开头）5.I advise ..., which can help you better understand...6.With such activities, we realize ...is very important to every and we should ...(活动感悟)7.With such activities, we realize ...is very important to everyone and we should ...8.I sincerely hope that these ideas can help you with the problem.Best wishes!（表达祝愿）9.Therefore, I think it is a must for you to take action.(收尾)九、演讲稿1.Good morning, everyone！It is my great honor to share with you my opinions on...(开头)2.It is my great honor to be here / to have the opportunity to say something about...(开头)3.I’m glad to stand here and give a short speech on ...(开头)4.According to many statistics, ...5.As a matter of fact, ...6.It is 强调部分 that/who 句子剩余部分 (强调句)7.Good morning/afternoon/evening, everyone! Today, please allow me to deliver a brief speech on ...(演讲开头)8.As for me, ... Meanwhile, ... Therefore, ...Additionally, ...9.Thanks for your listening!(收尾)10.I am sure that with your great efforts, you will enjoy a colorful life here.(收尾)11.Therefore, my dream cannot be fulfilled without industrious work to pave the way.十、书面通知1.May I have/call your attention, please?(开头)2.Attention, please, everybody! I have an announcement to make.(开头)3.I have something to tell you.(开头)4.There will be a talk this afternoon.(开头)5.The Students’ Union has decided that ...(开头)6.We shall have a lecture on...7.It has been decided that we will pay a visit to ...8.The ...（活动）is going to be held in ...(地点) on...(楼层) at...(时间) this Sunday/Saturday afternoon.9.And there will be many activities.Firstly, ...Then, ...And all of the students (and teachers) will ...10.The ...(活动) is scheduled in...(地点) from ...(几点) to ...(几点) on ...(日期)11.Looking forward to your active participation.(收尾)12.Everyone is welcome to attend/take part in it.(收尾)13.I hope you can have a good time.(收尾)十一、报道1.In order to ..., our school organized a ...(开头)2.Last Monday witnessed an exciting coming-of-age ceremony.(开头)3.Different people have different opinions.4.They said it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.5.What they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own lives.(收尾)6.Apart from knowledge, we also learned to cooperate with each other and came to realize the importance of teamwork.7.The activity benefited us a lot. /  The activity was of great benefit to us. / The activity was very beneficial to us.(收尾)8.Some people are in favor of the idea.  ...  However, others hold an opposite opinion. ... As far as I am concerned,...9.From this activity, we have realized that ...十二、投诉信1.I am writing to you to complain about...(开头)2.I want to express my dissatisfaction / disappointment about...(开头)3.The reason for my dissatisfaction is that...4.To remedy the matter, I suggest making the following changes.5.I believe you will take my complaints seriously and ...6.I hope you will look into the matter and give me a reasonable explanation.(收尾)7.Thank you for your consideration and I am expecting an early reply.(收尾)8.The reason for my dissatisfaction is...  First of all, ...Second/In addition, ...(Third, ...).What’s most unacceptable is that ...9.Frankly speaking, this is the worst experience that I have ever had, and I would like to have this matter settled by ...10.Thank you for your consideration and I am expecting / looking forward to your early reply.(收尾)11.I believe that you will take my complaints seriously and look forward to hearing from you soon.(收尾)  10种应用文满分范文  1、感谢信假设你是李华，梁教授去年六月推荐你去悉尼大学深造，现在你已经被悉尼大学化学学院录取，请写封信向梁教授表示感谢。Dear Professor Liang,I am writing to extend my gratitude to you. Because of your help，now I am a student of Chemistry Department of Sydney University.Last June, when I applied to become a graduate student of Sydney University, you really gave me a lot of valuablehelp. You not only wrote a recommendation（推荐） for me to Professor Wells who works in the Sydney University，but also gave me careful and patient instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters.It is your unreserved(无保留的） help that enables me to obtain this splendid（极好的）opportunity of further education. For the following two years I will study hard to reciprocate（回报） your sincere help and expectations with excellent grades.Yours truly,Li Ming 2、道歉信假设你是新华中学的学生李华，你和在上海上学的英国朋友Tom约好下周末去北京旅游，但你因故不能赴约。请根据以下要点用英语给他写一封电子邮件：1.表示歉意；2. 解释原因；3. 另约时间。注意：1. 词数120~150；2. 可适当增加细节。Dear Tom,I’m very sorry that I can’t go on a trip to Beijing with you next weekend, which I have promised you. I’m writing to tell you the reason for it.Just now, my cousin, Li Ming, who went abroad for further education last year, informed me that he would return the next Saturday morning. He asked me to pick him up at the airport with his parents. As you know, we haven’t seen each other for about a year, so I’ll have to help him in the first place.I really hope that you can accept my apologies and understand me. I would appreciate it if you allow me to fix another time to show you around some places of interest in Beijing.Wish you have a good time this weekend!Yours,Li Ming3、申请信假定你是李华，从互联网((the Internet)上得知一个国际中学生组织将在新加坡(Singapore)举办夏令营，欢迎各国学生参加。请写一封电子邮件申请参加。内容主要包括:自我介绍(包括英语能力); 参加意图(介绍中国、了解其他国家);希望获准。 注意:1. 字数100左右;2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;3. 邮件开头和结尾已为你写好.Dear Sir or Madam,I'm Li Hua, a middle school student from China. I read the announcement of the summer camp that you have posted on the Internet and I am interested in it. I know that you welcome students from different countries and I'd like to take part in it. I've been learning English for 10 years, and I speak fluent English. What is more, I'll be able to tell students from other countries about China and learn about their countries as well. I hope I will be accepted as a member of your summer camp.Looking forward to your reply!YoursLi Hua4、通知假如你是校学生会主席。新年即将到来，为了帮助你校的外国留学生更好地了解中国文化，学生会将为他们举办一个新年晚会。请你根据以下提示，用英语向他们发出口头通知。时间：下周五6：00—8：00地点：教学楼101室内容：1．唱中国歌    2．比赛用筷子    3．学习包饺子注意：1．词数不少于50；2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Good afternoon, everyone. May I have your attention, please?    I’m the chairman of the Students’ Union. As the New Year is around the corner（即将到来）, we are going to hold a New Year party for you, which is intended to enable you to have a better understanding of Chinese culture. During the party, not only can you sing a Chinese song, but you will also compete with each other to see how skilled you are at using chopsticks. What’s more, you’ll learn at the party how to make dumplings. It sounds great，doesn’t it? The party is scheduled（计划于） in Room 101 of the Teaching Building from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. next Friday. Please make sure you won’t miss it. Thank you for your attention.5、邀请信你们班同学打算周六去爬香山。请给外教Chris写一封英文信，邀请他参加此次活动。具体内容如下：1. 时间：8am—5 pm；2. 集合地点：校门口；3. 交通工具：公交车；4. 携带物品：雨具，午餐，相机。注意：1. 词数不少于50；2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Chris，     I’m writing to tell you that we intend to climb the Fragrant Hill this Saturday and I sincerely invite you to go with us on behalf of our class. We are supposed together at the school gate and set out at 8:00 am. The bus will serve as our transportation. We will climb to the top of the hill and enjoy our picnic lunch there, so please take some food with you as lunch. At about 2:00 pm. we will go down the hill along another path and return to our school at about 5.00 pm. You may equip yourself with a camera to record the beautiful scenery and an umbrella or a raincoat is also necessary in case you are caught in a rain. Please spare some time to join us. Your participation can surely addncolor to our trip and we are all looking forward to your involvement.Yours,Joe6、建议信假定你是李华，你所喜爱的Global Mirror周报创刊五周年之际征集读者意见．请你依据以下内容给主编写封信，内容主要包括： 1．说明你是该报的忠实读者 2．说明该报优点：1)兼顾国内外新闻    2)介绍名人成功故事  3．提出建议：刊登指导英语学习的文章注意：1．词数100左右，开头语己为你写好；     2 . 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear Editor-in-Chief,Congratulations on the 5th anniversary of Global Mirror!I’m a regular reader of your newspaper. I like it so much that I hardly miss any copy.There are many advantages of Global Mirror. Firstly, Global Mirror covers both national and international news. By simply turning the pages, I can know all important things that have happened both home and abroad. Besides, the success stories of world-famous people are also attractive to me, which help me learn a lot from them. In a word, thanks to Global Mirror, we are well-informed and keep up with the changing world.As a young student, I wish that I can be a master of English language. Therefore, I suggest that Global Mirror provide articles about English learning for us.Finally, I hope that Global Mirror will become more and more popular. Thank you for your time!Sincerely yours,Li Hua7、求助信假设你是李华，你的美国朋友Tom上个月来到北京学习。七月份你将去北京参加暑期中学生英语演讲比赛 (speech contest)，你在资料搜集、语言运用等方面遇到了困难。请根据以下要点给Tom写一封电子邮件：1.询问Tom的生活和学习情况；2.谈谈你的困难并请Tom帮忙；3.告诉Tom你打算赛后去看他。注意:1.词数:120—150；2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear Tom，How is it going these days? I keep wondering how you feel about your school life in Beijing. Have you got used to the life in China? Are you enjoying your life? I hope you are. Let me tell you a piece of good news: I’m going to take part in an English speech contest of middle school students in July in the coming summer vacation. So I’m busy preparing for it. But now I have some difficulty in collecting useful information and using proper English words to express my thoughts. Besides,  I really want to improve my spoken English, especially the pronunciation and intonation（语调）. Of course, as a native English speaker, you can give me some suggestions. In addition, I’m going to visit you after the contest. I’m sure we will have a wonderful time together in Beijing! I can hardly wait to see you! I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li Hua8、投诉信你是李华，两周前你从网上一套书虫系列读物（BookwormSeries）昨天才到货，且包装破损，数量不足。请就此向网店客服写邮件投诉。要点如下：1.    介绍购物情况2.    反映存在问题3.    提出解决方案注意：1.    词数100词左右2.    可适当增加细节，使行文连贯3.    开头结尾已给出，不计入总词可能用到的生词：投诉complaint   n.To whom it may concern,I am one of your customers(顾客). I ordered（订购）a set of(一套) Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday. And much to my disappointment, the books were so poorly packed up that the cover of one book was torn. To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missing.I am sorry to have received such poor service, and I believe I have every right to ask you to deal with this problem. I hope that you either return my money or deliver a new set of books to me. Besides, I’d like to be informed of the process of your dealing with my complaint.Lookingforward to your reply.Sincerely,Li Hua9、祝贺信假如你是李华，你的好友魏芳在中学生英语演讲比赛中荣获一等奖。请你根据以下内容，给她写一封祝贺信。内容包括：表达你的愉悦心情；向她表示祝贺；请她介绍成功的经验。注意：词数100左右；开头和结尾已为你写好，但不计入总词数；可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：英语演讲比赛 the English Speech ContestDear Wei Fang,I hear that you have won first prize in the English Speech Contest of Middle School Students, so I’m writing to give my sincere congratulations.You don’t know how excited I was when I heard the good news. As your best friend, I am proud of you! Your pronunciation and fluent English left me with deep impression. It came as no surprise to me that you won the contest. Could you share with me how you improve your spoken English? Your experience will be of great help to me in learning English.I will be grateful if you can write me back and give me your advice. I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li Hua10、求职信假如你是李华，从报纸上看到中老年英语培训机构Mid．Senior ESCH面向高中毕业生招聘暑期兼职辅导员，负责学员课间服务事项。请根据下面的广告内容用英语写一份求职信。ASSISITANTS WANTEDValuable chances are open for high school graduates who are good at English．Their work is to tend the senior students during the break．Requirements attached：1．Good at English．2．Experienced priority．Contact us by e-mail：Ｅnglishtec@163．com．注意：1．短文词数100字左右；2．不能使用真实姓名和学校名称；Dear Director:I’d like to apply for the post of assistant which was advertised in the newspaper. I found this position quite appealing to me.I’ve just graduated from high school. Luckily I am good at English and I can speak English fluently. In addition, I have previous experience. During my stay in middle school, I used to be a volunteer and looked after the old people in a nursing home on weekends.In short, I believe my experience and fluent oral English will be a great help for me in doing the work. I’m available for interview at any time. It would be appreciated if I can get your offer.Sincerely,Li Hua

知识点1  物质循环1．概念2．特点：全球性、反复利用、循环流动。3．与能量流动的关系：二者同时进行，相互依存，不可分割。4．意义：通过能量流动和物质循环使生态系统中的各种组成成分紧密地联系在一起，形成一个统一整体。知识点2  碳循环1.碳循环过程图解2．析图（1）碳的循环途径：（2）循环形式：碳元素在生物群落与无机环境之间循环的主要形式是CO2；碳元素在生物群落中的传递主要沿食物链和食物网进行，传递形式为有机物。（3）方向：碳元素在无机环境与生物群落之间传递时，只有生产者与无机环境之间的传递是双向的，其他成分都是单向的。（4）实现碳在生物群落和无机环境之间进行循环的关键是生产者和分解者。知识点3  温室效应1．成因①工厂、汽车、飞机、轮船等对化学燃料的大量使用，向大气中释放大量的CO2。②森林、草原等植被大面积的破坏，大大降低了对大气中CO2的调节能力。2．危害加快极地冰川融化，导致海平面上升，对陆地生态系统和人类的生存构成威胁。3．缓解措施①开发清洁能源，减少化学燃料燃烧。②植树造林，增加绿地面积。知识点4  能量流动和物质循环的关系生态系统的主要功能是进行能量流动和物质循环，这两大功能之间既有明显的差别，又有必然的联系。二者关系比较如下：知识点5  物质循环过程中的生物富集作用1.概念：是指环境中的一些污染物（如重金属、化学农药）通过食物链在生物体内大量积累的过程。2.富集物特点：化学性质稳定不易被分解；在生物体内积累而不易排出。3.富集过程：随着食物链的延长而不断加强，即营养级越高，富集物的浓度越高。4.危害：有害物质的浓度通过生物富集作用增高，会对人体或动物造成危害。知识点6  探究土壤微生物的分解作用［提示］  在A1、B1中加入碘液，在A2、B2中加入斐林试剂。 

8个黄金解题技巧一. 利用首句信息从历年的试题可以看出，完形填空所采用的短文一般不给标题，且首句往往不设空，通常是个完整的句子。这个句子往往是全文的关键句，它是了解全文的窗口，常常包含对解题有用的信息，因此考生要注重细读首句，并据此来判断文章的体裁，题材，推测全文的主旨和大意，推断故事发生的人物、地点、时间、气氛等多方面的特征，争取开局顺利。二. 利用前后暗示完形填空题除了注重考查考生对语境的理解外，还经常在完形填空的短文中设置前后互相暗示的考题。这里需要注意的是：若是前面暗示后面，做题相对来说比较容易。但从对历届考题的研究情况来看，这种暗示多为后面暗示前面，也就是说前面的某些填空从当时的情况来看，或是线索不清，或是语境不明，无法填出，但只要我们继续往后看，就会发现此空在后面的某个地方有暗示。所以，考生在做题时一定要充分利用这一特点，以提高做题的准确率。三. 利用逻辑推理做完形填空题的过程从本质上说是一个阅读推理的过程。为了能够准确、快速地理解文章内容，考生必须把握作者的思路，使自己的思维模式与作者的思维模式相吻合，同时考生还必须不断地从各个角度进行合乎逻辑的推理，并不断地验证推理的正确性，以达到理解全文、解决问题的目的。正确分析推理是恰当解题的必要条件，而恰当解题又是对题目进行正确分析推理的必然结果。四. 利用语境因素文章是一个具有内在联系的整体，而上下文则是营造语境的基础，也是逻辑推理的依据。通读全文，理顺大意，根据上下文找出信息词是做好完形填空题的关键。近年来，高考试题中的完形填空题在命题设计上的趋势是朝着深层化及语境化的方面挖掘，逐渐摈弃单纯的语言分析考查，而越来越侧重逻辑推理判断。因此，只有借助上下文乃至全文语境的启示或限定才能够准确做出判断。五. 利用语法分析尽管近几年的高考完形填空题主要考察考生对语境的理解，很少考查纯语法知识的运用，但是借助语法分析来帮助理解句子，推测语境，判断搭配等，却是必不可少的。因此考生做题时应充分利用平时所学的语法及词汇，名词的可数与不可数，动词的及物与不及物以及句子结构等知识。六. 利用文化背景和生活常识高考完形填空往往以自身的内容提供相对完整的语篇信息，但其间交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识和常识，如文化、风俗、生活常识以及科学知识等，考生在做题时可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识，并注意中西方文化方面存在的差异将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺理成章的选出正确的答案。七. 利用语篇标志（重点）语篇指比句子长的语言单位，语篇标志指语篇之间有内在联系的词语。常见的语篇标志语有：1)结构层次：“first、second、third、finally”等;2)时间关系：“before、after、later”等;3)因果关系：“because、for、since、therefore、thus、”等;4)话题关系：“by the way”等;5)转折关系：“but、however、nevertheless、on the contrary”等’6)递进关系：“in addition、besides、then、what’s more、further”等7)并列关系：“and 、and also、or、neither…nor……、either……or……、not only……but also……、as well、similarly、in the same way、that is to say”等8)让步关系：“although、though、even though、even if、no matter+疑问词”等9)条件关系：“if、only if、if only”等。八. 利用习惯用法和词语辨析知识习惯用法是英语中固定的结构，是不能随意改的。平时学习中应注意积累及掌握好习惯用法。同时，应多注意词语辨析及词语搭配，要培养在特定语境中灵活运用词语的能力。 415个高频词1. occasion 场合2. situation 情况，处境3. take over 接管4. exchange 交换5. command 命令6. confirm 证实7. cultivate 培养8. prosperously 繁荣的9. suspect 怀疑10. relatively 相对的，比较的11. acknowledge 承认，鸣谢12. ambition 抱负，野心13. quality 质量，品质14. protection 保护15. equally 平等地16. promise 承诺17. clearly 清楚地18. grateful 感激的19. remove 移开20. force 强迫21. apologize 道歉22. terrible 可怕的，糟糕的23. stubborn 固执的24. actively 积极地，主动地25. spiritual 精神的，心灵的26. magical 魔力的27. willingly 愿意地28. strengthen 加强29. image 形象30. complexity 复杂31. cautious 小心的32. manage 管理，成功做成33. prejudice 偏见34. economic 经济的，合算的35. academic 学术的36. control 控制37. adopt 收养，采取38. consume 消费，消耗39. unique 独一无二的40. beneficial 有益的41. varied 多变的，各种各样的42. demanding 要求高的43. appropriate 合理的44. entertainment 娱乐45. deliberately 故意地46. purchase 购买47. tough 艰难的48. bright 明亮的49. remain 留下，保持50. terrify 使害怕51. disappointing 令人失望的52. formal 正式的53. desire 愿望54. share 分享，共有55. fulfill 履行（诺言），执行（命令）56. admit 承认57. evident 明显的58. consequently 因此，所以59. accustomed 习惯的60. accumulate 积累61. participate 参加62. absence 缺席63. presence 出席64. bravery 勇敢65. horror 恐惧66. spotless 无暇的67. fundamental 基础的68. employment 就业，雇用69. involve 包含，使参与70. actually 事实上71. harmony 和谐72. basically 基本的73. inspire 激发，鼓舞74. imitate 模仿75. awful 糟糕的76. generous 慷慨的，大方的77. wealthy 富有的78. function 功能79. stressful 有压力的80. persistent 坚持不懈的81. reluctant 勉强的，不愿意的82. diligent 勤奋的83. attentive 注意的，周到的84. unbearable 不能忍受的85. accommodation 住所86. attractive 有吸引力的87. constant 连续的88. brilliant 杰出的，才华横溢的89. clumsy 笨拙的90. declare 宣布，声明91. obtain 获得92. interactive 相互的，互动的93. incident 事件94. adventure 冒险95. in particular 尤其96. in reality 事实上97. emphasize 强调98. overlook 忽视99. deny 否认100. ensure 确保101. financial 金融102. budget 预算103. on the whole 整体上104. potential 潜在的，潜能105. on the contrary 相反106. loyalty 忠实107. assume 假设108. establish 建设109. flexible 灵活的110. sensitive 敏感的111. essential 必不可少的112. unfair 不公平的113. expectation 期待114. impression 印象115. examination 考试，检查116. contribution 贡献117. certainty 肯定118. confuse 使迷惑，使混淆119. trap 陷阱，困住120. secondary 次要的121. turn up 出现122. show off 炫耀123. break in 闯进124. settle down 定居，安定下来125. relief 安慰，减轻126. justice 公正127. previous 先前的，早先的128. instantly 立即地129. regularly 规则地，规律地130. occasionally 偶尔地131. independence 独立132. keep up with 跟上133. catch up with 追赶上134. come up with 想出135. put up with 忍受136. guarantee 保证137. convince 使确信，说服138. atmosphere 气氛139. sympathy 同情140. punish 惩罚141. puzzled 感到迷惑的142. scared 害怕的143. embarrassed 尴尬的144. reaction 反应145. forgiveness 原谅146. imaginary 想象力丰富的147. be filled with 充满148. be pleased with 对......感到满意149. be crowded with 挤满150. be equipped with 配备有......151. possession 财产152. precious 珍贵的153. appreciate 欣赏，感激154. admire 钦佩155. wander 闲逛156. get rid of 消除，摆脱157. particularly 尤其，特别158. purpose 目的，意图159. courage 勇气160. determination 决心161. roll 滚162. drop 掉下163. undoubtedly 毫无疑问地164. temporarily 暂时地165. thankfully 幸运地166. lean against 靠着167. challenge 挑战168. fierce 激烈的169. practical 实际的，实用的170. straight 直接的171. delighted 高兴的172. congratulate 祝贺173. faint 头晕的174. consult 咨询175. messy 乱的176. review 复习，评论177. curious 好奇的178. graduation 毕业179. honor 荣耀180. comfortable 舒服的，舒适的181. tiresome 令人生厌的，无聊的182. set up 建立183. hold up 举起，支撑184. pick up 拾起，学会，接185. possess 拥有186. crowded 拥挤的187. march 行军，前进188. apartment 公寓189. frightened 害怕的190. turn out 结果是，证明是191. figure out 算出，想出192. anxious 焦虑的193. hunt 寻找，打猎194. amused 愉快的，顽皮的195. optimistic 乐观的196. demonstrate 证明，演示，显示197. realize 意识到198. meaningful 有意义的199. faithful 忠实的，忠诚的200. grasp 抓住，理解201. decorate 装饰202. pressure 压力203. obvious 明显的204. predict 预测205. audience 观众206. contain 包含207. gesture 姿势208. pioneer 先锋209. afford 支付得起210. affair 事情211. dependent 依赖的212. properly 合理地213. sincerely 真诚地214. severely 严厉地215. guidance 指导216. appearance 出现，外貌217. astonishment 惊讶218. sharpen 使锋利219. comment 评论220. privately 私人地221. frequently 频繁地222. physical 身体的，物理的223. donate 捐赠224. manufacture 制造，制造业225. original 原始的，起初的226. effective 有效的227. object 反对228. typical 典型的229. possibility 可能性230. accidentally 意外地，偶然地231. immediately 立刻232. concern 关心，担心233. concentrate 集中234. tragedy 悲剧235. neglect 忽视236. approach 接近，途径，方法237. disturbance 打扰238. arrest 逮捕239. restore 恢复240. available 可得到的， 可利用的241. accompany 陪伴242. characteristic 特征，特性243. automatic 自动的244. approve 批准，同意245. roughly 粗略地246. indicate 暗示247. hesitation 犹豫248. attach 系着，附着249. plain 平的，朴素的，简单的250. mercy 怜悯251. sample 样本252. considerable 相当大的，值得考虑的253. enthusiasm 热情254. confirm 证实255. phenomenon 现象256. modify 修改257. annual 每年的258. isolation 隔离，孤立259. ceremony 典礼，仪式260. acceptable 可接受的261. eventually 最后262. target 目标263. expose 暴露264. absolutely 绝对地265. negative 消极的，否定的266. steady 稳定的267. consistently 一贯地，一致地268. permanent 永久的269. professional 职业的，专业的270. dismiss 解雇271. countless 数不尽的272. thoroughly 彻底地273. standard 标准274. tolerate 忍受275. memorable 值得纪念的276. leave for 离开去到277. adapt 适应，改编278. somehow 不知怎么地279. somewhat 稍微，有点280. acquire 获得281. occupy 占据282. accompany 陪伴283. urgent 紧急的284. technology 技术285. giant 巨大的286. invisible 看不见的287. evaluation 评估288. magnificent 壮丽的289. inefficient 效率低的290. nonsense 废话，荒谬的291. preserve 保护，保存292. career 事业293. profession 职业，专业294. exhausted 筋疲力尽的295. crash 撞碎，坠毁296. suspicious 怀疑的297. requirement 要求298. athletic 运动的，运动员的299. prohibit 禁止，阻止300. depressed 沮丧的，萧条的301. instruction 教导，说明302. slightly 轻微地303. meaningful 有意义的304. principle 原则305. undeserved 不应得的306. betray 背叛307. moderate 中等的，适度的308. evaluate 评价，估价309. honorable 值得尊敬的310. artificial 人造的311. concept 概念312. symbolize 象征313. promising 有前途的314. conflict 冲突315. display 显示，陈列316. definitely 明确地，肯定地317. interrupt 打断318. recall 回想起319. recite 背诵320. resist 抵制321. desperate 绝望的322. elegant 优雅的323. attempt 试图324. random 随机的325. profitable 有利可图的326. treasure 珍惜，宝藏327. poisonous 有毒的328. dilemma 窘境329. correctly 正确地330. system 系统331. complicated 复杂的332. application 申请，应用程序333. simple 简单的334. recognize 认出，认可335. cruel 残忍的336. comfortable 舒服的，舒适的337. feared 害怕的338. replace 代替339. method 方法340. seize 抓住341. misunderstand 误解342. mistake 错误，弄错343. imply 暗示344. disease 疾病345. repay 偿还，报答346. describe 描述347. contract 合同348. promote 促进，提升349. sacrifice 牺牲350. generally 一般来说351. trouble 麻烦352. pleased 满意的353. certainly 肯定地，当然354. national 国家的，民族的355. cultural 文化的356. entrance 入口357. annoying 令人恼怒的358. polite 有礼貌的359. unconscious 无意识的360. patient 有耐心的361. theory 理论362. classification 分类363. smart 聪明的364. mature 成熟的365. average 平均366. creative 有创造力的367. graduate 毕业，毕业生368. program 节目369. intelligent 智能的，聪明的370. competent 有能力的371. independent 独立的372. separate 单独的，分开的373. voluntarily 自愿地374. doubt 怀疑375. reflection 反射，沉思，映象376. conclusion 结论377. adult 成年人378. talented 有天赋的379. outstanding 出色的380. expression 表达，表情381. check 检查382. attend 参加，照料383. be aware of 意识到384. be fond of 喜欢385. be worthy of 值得386. expect 期待，预计387. decision 决定388. style 风格389. pretend 假装390. explain 解释391. cause 原因，事业392. perform 表演，执行393. probably 可能地394. struggle 挣扎，奋斗395. completely 完全地396. wonder 想知道397. experience 经验，经历398. fail 失败399. develop 发展400. responsible 有责任的401. valuable 有价值的，贵重的402. ability 能力403. affect 影响404. destroy 毁坏405. confident 自信的406. request 要求407. traditional 传统的408. modern 现代的409. relationship 关系410. cooperation 合作411. distinguish 区分412. identify 鉴定，识别413. thought 想法，思想414. discourage 使气馁，使沮丧415. prepare 准备